GeoTiff Pyramid

Levels

gdal_retile.py -v -r \
 bilinear -levels 4 -ps 2048 2048 \
-co "TILED=YES" -co "COMPRESS=JPEG" \
-targetDir pyramid mosaic.tiff

Compress

gdal_retile.py -v -r \
 bilinear -levels 4 -ps 2048 2048 \
-co "TILED=YES" -co "COMPRESS=JPEG" \
-targetDir pyramid mosaic.tiff

Lanczos

gdal_retile.py -r lanczos \
-levels 8 \
-co "TILED=YES" -co "COMPRESS=JPEG" \
-targetDir pyramid mosaic.tiff

gdal_retile

gdal_retile.py - GDAL documentation

https://gdal.org/programs/gdal_retile.html

geoserver pyramid

Building and using an image pyramid - GeoServer 2.20.x User Manual

GeoServer can efficiently deal with large TIFF with overviews, as long as the TIFF is below the 2GB size limit. Once the image size goes beyond such limit it's time to start considering an image pyramid instead.

https://docs.geoserver.org/latest/en/user/tutorials/imagepyramid/imagepyramid.html