Hebbian Learning
The principle that neuronal synchronization strengthens synaptic connections between simultaneously firing neurons, commonly expressed as "neurons that fire together, wire together"
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) is a learning rule where if a pre-synaptic neuron fires within milliseconds before a post-synaptic neuron, it leads to timing-dependent Long-Term Potentiation (tLTP), while if the firing order is reversed (post→pre), it results in timing-dependent Long-Term Depression (tLTD)