An optimized pre-computed offline dictionary attack with reversal of hashes/encryption.
using a special data structure called hash chain
요약하자면 결국 hash가 일반적으로 기니까 reduction function을 도입해 password 형태로 저장하는 것. reduction function을 학습시키듯이 (학습은 없지만) 활용한다
Hash chain
chain 길이가 길수록 computing 저장량 감소하는 tradeoff

Reduction function
convert a hash space into authentication space (password space)
For each stage, we use different reduction function and same hashing function. This is because it is beneficial to prevent collision of reduction and provide several reduction function which could be better than another. Diverse reduction functions increase more probability to utilize effective reverse function.

Seonglae Cho