Average, MeanExpectation operator is linearE[X]=ΣxxP(X=x)=∫xf(x)dxE[X] = \Sigma_x{xP(X= x)} = \int{xf(x)dx}E[X]=ΣxxP(X=x)=∫xf(x)dxEX[g(x)]=∫∞−∞g(x)fX(x)dxE_X[g(x)] = \int_\infty^{-\infty}g(x) f_X(x)dxEX[g(x)]=∫∞−∞g(x)fX(x)dxk-th moment of Xdefined as the expected value of x raised to the power of kE[Xk]=ΣxxkP(X=x)E[X^k] =\Sigma_xx^kP(X = x)E[Xk]=ΣxxkP(X=x)If only X, Y is independence, E[XY]=E[X]E[Y]E[XY] = E[X]E[Y]E[XY]=E[X]E[Y] E[X]=0E[X]=0E[X]=0 does not means E[X2]=0E[X^2] = 0E[X2]=0Expectation value NotionLaw of total expectationThe law of Large number AveragesArithmetic MeanGeometric AveragePolyak averageHarmonic Mean Harmonic Mean, Arithmetic Mean and Harmonic Mean are Pythagorean meansPythagorean meansIn mathematics, the three classical Pythagorean means are the arithmetic mean (AM), the geometric mean (GM), and the harmonic mean (HM). These means were studied with proportions by Pythagoreans and later generations of Greek mathematicians because of their importance in geometry and music.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_means