Performance improvements now focus on specialized hardware (networking, accelerators)
- CPU / Memory: Nearly stagnant on performance/dollar basis
- CPU: ~2–3× improvement over 10 years (~2× excluding Graviton)
- DRAM: Capacity/dollar essentially flat, bandwidth increase ~2× when cost-adjusted
- Networking: Explosive improvement
- Bandwidth/dollar 10×, absolute speed 10→600 Gbps
- Nitro-based network-specialized instances leading the way
- NVMe storage: Most shocking stagnation
- Cloud NVMe performance/dollar has barely improved since 2016
- i3 (2016) still offers best price-performance
- On-prem continues improving with PCIe4/5 → gap widening

Seonglae Cho

